Importance of Symbols Essay examples -- English Literature Essays

Importance of SymbolsIn all novels the use of signs are what make the story feel so accepted to the reader. A symbol as simple as a gentlewoman can mean so much more then what you see. Whereas a symbol as complicated as the sea, can mean so much less then what you thought. It is a person perception that brings them to the true meaning of a specific symbol. Symbols are message within a word that must be analyzed to discover. In The Awakening, Kate Chopin conveys her ideas by using carefully crafted symbols that reflect her characters thoughts and futures. aboriginal in the novel, while Edna attempts to escape from federations strong grasp, dames emphasize her entanglement by forecasting her actions and monitor her development by reflecting her feelings. The novel opens with the image of a bird, confine and unable to communicate a green and yellow parrot, which hung in the cage outside the door...could speak a little Spanish, and also a language that zip understood (1). Like th e bird, Edna feels trapped and believes that society has imprisoned her. Her marriage to Mr. Pontellier suffocates her and keeps her from being free. At the same time, she remains shut apart from society like the bird in the cage, and different ideas and feelings prevent her from communicating. The only person in society that begins to understand her, Robert, eventually decides that he must remain a member of society instead of staying with her. He says that you Edna were not free you were Leonce Pontelliers wife and that Robert was demented, dreaming of wild, impossible things...such as men who had set their wives free (108). Robert does not want to do something wild and unsatis situationory to society. In a situation parallel to that of Ednas, the only bird that understands the parrot is the mockingbird (Reisz) that is whistling its fluty notes upon the breeze with maddening persistence (1). Because the parrot continues to shriek, people behave it away from their society Mr. Far vial insisted upon having the bird removed and consigned to regions of darkness (23). Society wants to hide the bird in darkness, as it wants to do to Edna, in order to keep the bird from causing problems. Later, when Mademoiselle Reisz tells Edna that the bird that would soar above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings, she uses birds to forecast Ednas future an... ...ean, naked, return to the innocence of her childhood. She felt like some new-born creature (189). As Edna swims on to her freedom, She did not look back?but went on and on, thinking of the bluegrass hayfield?believing that it had no beginning and no end (190). It is there in the ocean that she first realizes her physical, mental, and emotional potential. It is only natural that the water, which has seduced her with its sound reclaims her. Edna Pontellier has always abided by social expectations and lived for foreveryone but herself. In order for her to gain her independence and escape f rom her trapped state in society she must put all that she has ever known behind her. This last scene symbolizes Edna giving up her life for her freedom. She goes back to where she first got some independence(the sea) and breaks through the cage that held her prison and dies, living unaccompanied for herself. Though see lost her life she finally got out of the world see dreaded living in so much. Without symbols a story would be a group of words placed in a sequential, yet pointless order. There would be no such thing of reading for pleasure, for the fact our minds would feel useless without symbols.

The Silver-tongued Rapist in Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita Essay -- Naboko

The Silver-tongued Rapist in Lolita You can always count on a murderer for a fancy prose style. So says Humbert Humbert at the start of Lolita in his account to the Ladies and gentlemen of the jury (9). He refers to himself as a murderer (he is, after all, guilty of killing Quilty), not as a rapist, the distant more serious offense Lolita levels at him. That I, and everyone else who reads the book, call Dolores Haze by the name Lolita demonstrates the efficacy of Humberts fancy prose style - under the spell of his aesthetic mastery, we, the jury, moldiness bend to his subjective vision through memory, and thus we see the twelve-year-old nymphet as Lolita, as she is in Humberts arms. It is difficult to castigate Humbert when we see the world through his European eyes. Humberts main strength is his sense of humor. Nabokov is sure to throw Humberts way all the American kitsch he can handle - mostly in the form of Charlotte Haze. His slick insults sail over her head, but Humbert wins our approval by making sure we understand them. Similarly, we admire him be...

Classroom Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

Would you be surprised to learn that in todays classroom children sometimes arent learning ascribable to behavioral issues? Teachers are attempting to teach classes in which students can be disruptive, disrespectful and defiant. Classrooms are often overcrowded which adds to the frustration of the situation. Teachers are often tempted to take the undemanding mien forth, using antiquated strategies that will usually not help the child to learn. In fact, some types of punishments can actually grounds the child to become compensate more rebellious. The child can experience a sense of worthlessness after being punished again and again.Children do not act out because they are bad. They act out in the hopes of receiving some kind of response or reward. In the past, children who acted out were classified as bad kids therefore were dislocated or punished and often wound up slipping through the cracks of the educational system. Recently, some teachers have been attempting to help the behaviorally challenged child. Instead of isolating, punishing, labeling or ignoring a child, with form we can help them to become a part of the class. Teachers also have the power to help the child who would have once been considered a lost cause to learn. Many inquiryers have worked on learning about the causes of behavioral problems and possibly more crucially, have suggested some solutions to the problem. Behavioral theorists include B.F. skinner, E. Thorndike, and William Glasser to name a few. Although their research and theories go by different names they all have one thing in common. All of the above theorists are, in effect, saying that we are not going to change the childs behavior by changing the child. We must change our reaction to the behavior in order to change it.The predilection that bad behavior should not be rewarded is a basic concept. When one rewards any kind of behavior, bad or good, that behavior will continue. Children are particularly quick to catch o n to what kind of behavior will get them the result that they desire. B.F. Skinner, a behavioral theorist, says that when a particular StimulusResponse (S-R) praxis is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. Skinners theory is known as Operant Conditioning (Skinner, 1950-71). Although it seems basic or common sense it is easy to forget that each behavior displayed addresses a need. That need may be maintenance... ...t e real student will understand or grasp every lesson. The important thing to remember is that the student who tries needs to be rewarded too.When using the reward system, teachers need to make the result that we desire the same result that the child desires. This is very tricky. William Glassers having fun need comes into play here. The lessons have to be fun for the student that get ins. On the other hand the student who is disruptive or refuses to participate should be uncomfortable due to his or her attitude. The norm should be participa tion and appropriate behavior. If teachers continue to try different strategies in the classroom and pay attention to the theorists research and suggestions, they will find that there are less children falling through the cracks of the educational system.ReferencesBoeree, George C. (1998). Abraham Maslow. Personality Theories http//www.ship.edu/cgboeree/maslow.html.Boatman, Andrew Mclain. (1998). Educational Theory Handbook. http//www.theshop.net/aboatman/edtheory.htm.Skinner B.F. Operant Conditioning. 1950-1971. http//tip.psychology.org/skinner.Thorndike, E. Connectionism. (1913-1928). http//tip.psychology.org/thorn.html.

Damien rice analysis :: essays research papers

My Eyes Bringing Desire to Christinas World dependency and Hope in the World of a HandicapI cant take my eyes off of you. is repeated many times in the song The Blowers daughter, which means sort of a bit. With the poem and to the painting, the song expresses the feeling in both of the eyes of a hitch person and in the eyes of another person who loves them. Handicapped people require all the attention in the world, and even when they arent being go to to, soulfulness is thinking about them. In the painting, the artist depicts a young girl, who seems to be crawling toward a home on a hill quite the distance a demeanor. She seems to be quite thin and weak, which hints at the point there may be a physical problem with her. In the poem, the farmer and his family open birth to a handicapped child and while watching her sleep, can see the desire and peacefulness in her. His thoughts while they are resting. Shes just imagining, stalks of yellow flowers flush and frilled and rippling, and a song of hours. On this and all the worlds resources, she lingers, lit up like a votive. which means that she is however thinking about the most peaceful things in the world, and no matter what happens while she is awake, those thoughts inside of her will not be changed. These examples express the thought of person being different or struggling to live. With the picture of a weak girl crawling to a home-looking building and the constant attention both shown in the song and the poem, these three things all connect in a certain way. They connect in the way of love and caring. They connect in a way that shows the desire and the determination anyone can see in a handicapped persons eyes. In the song by Damien Rice, it seems, that quite possibly someone has fallen in love with someone. It does not have to be what everyone thinks. Love is not just something between two people, this could also be something felt by a father to a daughter, or a mother to a son, in a completely non se xual and non physical way. The father, who is a farmer in the poem Bringing Desire to The Fields, seems to be in love with his handicapped daughter. He thinks about her constantly, even when he is about to sleep.

Doc Edgerton :: essays research papers

Able to photograph a bullet in flight, Harold Eugene Doc Edgerton was innate(p) in April 6,1903 in Fremont, Nebraska. Harold Edgerton studied at the mamma Institute of Technology, where from 1926 to 1931 he (and his associates) developed the modern strobe light. Edgerton applied his discovery of the modern stroboscope to a gigantic range of fields. His discovery aided under-water photography and sonar research, photography in nature, and motion pictures. He taught thousands of students at MIT, and he enjoyed every minute of teaching.Edgerton enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student, but he remained there for approximately 60 years. At MIT, Doc Edgerton was a professor of galvanising engineering. As a graduate student at MIT, Edgerton developed an electric strobe light with which he produced flashes of 1/500,000 second. When the flash is used in a series, the progressive stages of an object in motion can be recorded on the same piece of film. An example of this would be Tennis by Edgerton. Now, flashes argon at the speed of a few billionths of a second, this would not have been possible without the work of Doc Edgerton. The simplest kind of stroboscope is a revolving disk with normally one slit or hole, but sometimes more, in its periphery. These holes enable the observer to view the object. The revolutions of the disc can be synchronized, with the motion of the object. With the precise synchronization, level photographs of bullets in flight can be taken. The photographs are like contemporary motion picture frames.Not only was the discovery of the modern high-speed stroboscope useful in photography, but also in the field of engineering. The stroboscope could be used to study wear, vibration, and distortion of moving separate while the parts of the machine are being used (the machine is running). Edgerton was also involved in ocean research. He took a few photographic journeys with his good star Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau gave Edgerton the nickname Papa Flash. Jacques Cousteau, at celebration for the life of Edgerton, said He (Edgerton) was the only human being I ever met that met life with as a lot enthusiasmHe was a perpetual dreamer.

Doc Edgerton :: essays research papers

Able to photograph a bullet in flight, Harold Eugene Doc Edgerton was innate(p) in April 6,1903 in Fremont, Nebraska. Harold Edgerton studied at the mom Institute of Technology, where from 1926 to 1931 he (and his associates) developed the modern strobe light. Edgerton applied his discovery of the modern stroboscope to a colossal range of fields. His discovery aided under-water photography and sonar research, photography in nature, and motion pictures. He taught thousands of students at MIT, and he enjoyed every minute of teaching.Edgerton enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student, but he remained there for approximately 60 years. At MIT, Doc Edgerton was a professor of electrical engineering. As a graduate student at MIT, Edgerton developed an electric strobe light with which he produced flashes of 1/500,000 second. When the flash is used in a series, the progressive stages of an object in motion can be recorded on the same piece of film. An ex ample of this would be Tennis by Edgerton. Now, flashes argon at the speed of a few billionths of a second, this would not have been possible without the work of Doc Edgerton. The simplest kind of stroboscope is a revolving disk with normally one slit or hole, but sometimes more, in its periphery. These holes enable the observer to view the object. The revolutions of the disc can be synchronized, with the motion of the object. With the precise synchronization, so far photographs of bullets in flight can be taken. The photographs are like contemporary motion picture frames.Not only was the discovery of the modern high-speed stroboscope useful in photography, but also in the field of engineering. The stroboscope could be used to study wear, vibration, and distortion of moving part while the parts of the machine are being used (the machine is running). Edgerton was also involved in ocean research. He took a few photographic journeys with his good accomplice Jacques Cousteau. Coustea u gave Edgerton the nickname Papa Flash. Jacques Cousteau, at celebration for the life of Edgerton, said He (Edgerton) was the only human being I ever met that met life with as untold enthusiasmHe was a perpetual dreamer.

Gender Communication Differences in Traditional Marriage Essay

Men and women communicate differently. Two people of opposite gender joined in marriage contract two precise different styles of communication to the extent that this problem is sometimes insurmountable. Lack of clear communication between partners in a traditional marriage is often cited as the cause for divorce. What often occurs is not a failure to communicate, but a failure to understand communication (Akin, 2003, 1).Long before technology took over order of magnitude and created more than avenues for communicating with each, men were used to showing support by doing things for the family and women showed their affection through talking (Torrpa, 2002, 1). Women expect their marital relationship to be base on mutual dependence and cooperation while men expect it to be based on independence and competition (Torppa, 2002, 1). Clearly, these two different sets of expectations will have an effect on how the two partners communicate and ultimately, on the strength of the union.Acc ording to Ohashi (1993) marriage is a system established on the assumption of a fraction of labor based on gender-role stereotypes (from Katsurada, Sugihara, 2002, 2). Women traditionally turn tail to want to make everyone happy while men make decisions based largely on their let personal needs (Torrpa, 2002, 1) one aspect of marriage that is unchanged for the most part yet responsible for many breaks in communication between the partners. Differences in characteristic gender roles also affect communication between husband and wife.Typically, women ar characterized as being the more talkative of the sexes as well as being comfort providers and more secure in showing their emotions. Women are also better at reading between the lines regarding interpersonal issues (Torrpa, 2002, 1). Men, on the separate hand, are known for their distinct lack of communication and inability to provide emotional support. Their ability to read between the lines regarding status is more pronounced t han in women.With traditional roles in marriage declining and technology taking over, communication is at once both more effective and less available (Morris, 2001, 1) we have more ways of communicating (e. g. text messaging, Email, etc. ) but we have less time to do so with multiple careers. Both male and female partners tend to see the other as being more controlling of the relationship (Torppa, 2002, 1) and without the ability to communicate effectively, this assumption can be quite damaging to the marriage.This research will explore the varying roles of a man and woman in a traditional marriage relationship, how these roles influence their ability to effectively communicate, and the level of joy each partner feels based on their idea of whether or not they are communicating effectively with each other regarding important issues. According to Torrpa (2002, 1) judgement differences is the key to working them out.B. Hypothesis It is anticipate that marriage partners with tradi tional roles (i. e.the husband as breadwinner, the wife in charge f the household) will get wind a greater chasm between what is being said and what is meant in that these partners will have communication styles more typical of their gender. It is hypothesized that men will have a very different style of communication than the women in each partnership. C. Participant Selection A minimum of 15 married alumni couples will be place via public records office and sent a mailed invitation. Commitment may also be obtained via telephone.Respondents to the survey will be offered a gift twit from a local merchant. D. Materials 1) Written questionnaire regarding the couples marriage 2) Assessment of task completion using a scale model E. Procedure In this study, the married couples will be surveyed regarding their role in the marriage. Each couple will be surveyed individually. A task will be randomly and in camera assigned to one of the partners with specific instructions to verbally com municate the specifics of the task to the other partner.Communication style and effectiveness will be measured by the ability of the spouse to complete the task and a post-task survey completed by the spouse that will rank the value of the instructions given on a scale of one to 10. The spousal differences between the style of communication (i. e. non-verbal direction, logic) will be made apparent by the answers to the post-task survey. Analyzing the data with frequency tables is expected to show that the males in the group communicate using logic, while the females will rely more on non-verbal signals they expect their partner to recognize.Potential Risks to Participants There are no potential risks associated with participation in this research study. However, should participants feel the need for counseling services following the survey, they will be directed to the campus counseling center. G. judge Benefits for Participants and Society Participants in the survey should garner a much better idea of how to communicate more effectively with each other. The hope is that through sense of communication deficits, the married couples will be able to put this new knowledge to use when needing to communicate about larger and more important issues.

The Views On Womens Roles History Essay

An mean prominent pi palliateate in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Byzantine Empire did non hold a large function in public society. 1 In fact, it was common for her to non be seen in public at all. It was banal for Byzantine adult females to acquire married around 12 to thirteen old whiles old due to an ordered companionhood chosen by her parents. formerly married she spent most of her snipping at place. Occasionally a adult female was allowed to go forth her place to go to to perform, festivals, matrimonies, births, visit dealingss, or travel to public baths. These were the lone activities in society acceptable where a adult female could to go forth her house. 2 However, if a adult female must venture outside, she must hold her face covered by a head covering at all times and be attended by a adult male. Though head coverings were seldom shown in Byzantine graphics, this was a societal criterion for adult females. The erosion of head coverings oft represented the d ifference between an honorable adult females and a cocotte. 3 Even in her ain place, a Byzantine adult female had to stand out gender inequalities. During repasts she was non allowed to dine with work forces fo reign over of her dealingss. More frequently than non, she would be eating entirely separate from work forces. 4 For her instruction, she was taught accomplishments merely utile for a house married womanhood. If a adult female was in in-between to upper category, she was normally taught to read, compose, and sing. 5 Womans of royalty nevertheless, were given the chance to analyze aesculapian specialty and natural scientific disciplines with bookmans in their tribunals. 6 However instruction was normally 2nd quality compared to the instruction given to work forces. Womans could easy be exposit as cloistered as captives, though her prison walls were merely the unseeable judgements and regulations cast by society. 7 Most adult females could non take part in political affi nitys. A adult female could non even attest in tribunal for fright that her testimony would be easy mildewd by her hubby or brother. It is merely in rare instances where a adult male was non involved that a adult female could attest. 8 Despite what small influence and regard adult females had in public society, through place life a adult female could still easy act upon her ain hubby, boies, brothers, and other male dealingss in her place life. 9 This influence could be subtle in a little Byzantine household or highly considerable if she was the married woman of the emperor. Unlike work forces who could lift up to a political place through military, or the church, for a adult females to derive political power she had all be born or marry into nobility.Born in 399 A.D, Empress Pulcheria was the eldest girl of Emperor Arcadius. 10 She was a devoted Christian that paved her modal value into power through her influence over her younger brother Theodosios II. She finally received the r ubric of Augusta ( Empress ) which was the highest place a adult female of relation to the Emperor could draw a bead on to. 11 Pulcheria was merely two old ages older than Theodosios II at any rate had a great influence over him all his life. Though Pulcheria was the eldest Born into royalty, she did non hold much power as she would if she had been born male. Even with this gender disadvantage, she was highly intelligent. At the age of 16, she swore a vow of celibacy and besides influenced her younger sisters to make the same. 12 This was a manner to prolong power that would be lost if she was forced into matrimony every bit good as halt the competition to her brother s throne. 13 The concluding she gave for her actions was due to her Christian destiny, comparing the saturated bloody shame as her celestial opposite number. 14 Figure 1 depicts an ivory alleviation known as The Translation of Relics Ivory dating around the twelvemonth 420 A.D. 15 and was acquired by the Trier Cathe dral in 1844. 16 The carving step 13.1 ten 26.1 ten 2.3 centimeter and has been cut to a deepness of 2 centimeter 17 . The Byzantines loved tusk and normally imported it from India and Africa. The tusk of this specific piece has been speculated to hold been imported from Africa do to its larger size. 18 The Translation of Relics Ivory depicts a emanation of people in the streets followed by two priests siting a chariot pulled by mules. Leading this emanation is an Emperor keeping a taper and brisk to have the mementos is an Empress keeping a cross in forepart of church doors. In the background are looker-ons heartening beckoning incense and a church which is still under structure, still being complete for the relics to be topographic point into. For many old ages, the supporters in this alleviation have been unidentifiable. Historians have compared the lives of Justin II, Maurice, and Phocas and their married womans simply found no historical grounds which relates them to this s cene. 19 In the late seventies, The Translation of Relics Ivory has been identified by historiographers, Kenneth G. Holum and Gary Vikan that the characters in this alleviation are likely Empress Pulcheria, her brother Emperor Theodosios II and the relics given are the castanetss of Saint Stephen. The historiographers deducted this from written grounds of a chronicler of the 9th ascorbic acid named Theophanes Confessor. In his narration he wroteUnder the influence of the call down Pulcheria, the pious Theodosius sent a rich contribution to the archbishop of Jerusalem for distribution to the needy, and besides a aureate cross studded with cherished rocks to be erected on Golgotha. In exchange for these gifts, the archbishop dispatched relics of the right arm of Stephen Protomaryr, in the attention of St. Passarion Pulcheria arose taking her brother with her and went to recognize the sanctum relics. Receiving them into the castle, she founded a glorious chapel for the sanctum Prot omartr, and in it she deposited the sanctum relics. 20 The narrative matched absolutely with the description of The Translation of Relics Ivory every bit good as another found narration which prove that the castanetss of Saint Stephen had in fact get oned outside Jerusalem that clip in December 416 and subsequently went under control of the bishop. 21 The church under building is believed to be a church of St. Stephen. 22 An interesting item to The Translation of Relics Ivory is the composing of the piece. The full focal point of the image is on Pulcheria sort of than the Emperor Theodosios II, her brother. Even Theodosios alleviation is still a spot further back than hers, as he is standing right following to her. This is a big representation of Pulcheria s power as she is the centre of attending opposed to the Emperor himself.In her life-time, Pulcheria had commissioned several new churches, most dedicated to her dominant saint the Virgin bloody shame. It was good known that Virgin Mary profoundly impacted her life to remaining openly celibate for God. However during the 5th century the Virgin Mary was non a major figure in Constantinople. 23 Her pick for the Virgin Mary as her frequenter was non to progress adult females but merely acquire rid of the stigma that adult females were the expletive of Eve , a expletive which claimed that adult females where responsible for original wickedness. 24 It was besides due to Pulcheria s influence that the Virgin Mary would be once more be known non merely as the female parent of Christ ( christotokos ) but the Mother of God ( theotokos ) when the statement was overturned. 25 Pulcheria s most well-know church to the Virgin Mary is the church of Saint Mary of Blacherne, which has besides been depicted in books with names such as the Panagia of Blachernae and the Blachernae Monastery. The church started building in 450 A.D. and was finished by her hubby Marcian after Pulcheria s decease in 453 A.D. 26 The church was built around a preexistent sacred spring called the Ayazma of Blacherne. 27 It is besides said that Christians of Jerusalem had contributed a robe that belonged to the Virgin Mary as a relic for the church, 28 though other beginnings province that the robe was stolen. 29 Figure 2 shows the church before its 2nd give the gate, and Figure 3 shows the current modern-day church after being rebuilt. The church focused around images of the Virgin Mary, which led to much devastation of its icons during the reign of Constantine V. 30 The church foremost burnt-out down in 1070 from a fire but was rebuilt once more utilizing its old floor programs. 31 The church was wholly burned down still once more in 1434, this clip from a careless fire caused by kids trailing pigeons on its roofs. 32 By the clip Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae no longer existed and the people of Constantinople had to turn to different mediums for the p rotection Virgin Mary s icons. 33 Figure 3 shows Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa. In 626 A.D. , the Blachernitissa was credited for the protecting the metropolis from an Avar onslaught every bit good as an Arab besieging in 717. Thus this relic s repute grew to be known as a powerful Byzantine amulet of protection and was kept in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae. 34 Though the figure caput of this icon was a adult female, it had immense fear. The term Blachernitissa was a type of representation of the Virgin Mary named after the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae. 35 The icon shows Mary within it and was held in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae. The piece was besides within the church during its 1434 fire and was thought to be destroyed. It was a amulet that represented the protection of the metropolis s walls. 36 Its absence was believed to be the ground why the Ottoman Turks succeeded their encroachment merely 19 old ages subsequently.The twelvemonth 730 was the star t of the first unorthodox period lasing until 787. 37 It started with Emperor Leo III, who reigned from 717-740. The Iconoclasts believed that icons where immorality and led to the misunderstanding of the Catholic confidence. As the Iconoclasts resorted back into symbols and Bible, they tore down icons, believing them as unorthodoxy to their faith. When Leo III died in 740, his boy Constantine V continued the prohibition of during his reign in 741-775. 38 It was during Constantine V s reign, that the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae was attacked by image breakers. Constantine V ordered the devastation of the interior mosaics that represented a virgin Testament rhythm and replaced them with vegetational decorations and images of birds. 39 It was fortunate nevertheless that the Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa was hidden from devastation at this clip.This first Iconoclastic period was halt by Empress Irene. Irene acted in the name of her boy Constatine VI, who was excessively imm ature to govern at the clip. She created and ordered the Second Council of Nicea, which supported Iconophiles. 40 As Iconophiles, they believed that images were besides stand foring their faith and they were non incorrect in utilizing them. The Council condemned the resistance to icons as unorthodoxy. It is through Irene s actions of the resurgence of icons that she earned the rubric of Saint in the Grecian Orthodox Church.The 2nd iconoclastic period lasted 814-842. This clip it was Emperor Leo V ( reigning from 813-820 ) who instated this new moving ridge of iconoclasm. It was speculated that it was to bring around the recent military failure. Emperors Michael II and Theophilus who succeeded him were besides image breakers. However after Theophilus died, he was succeeded by his boy Michael III. Michael at the clip was excessively immature to reign so his female parent Theodora acted as a trustee for him. Similar to Irene, Theodora was an iconodule and was able to proclaim the Resto ration of icons. Now of all time since the resurgence of icons, the first Sunday of Lent is celebrated as the Triumph of Orthodoxy. Figure 4 shows the Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy, a picture that was painted on a wooden panel covered with gesso and linen. Its medium was glob poster paint and gold foliage. 41 The centre of the picture is a portrayal of the Virgin Mary, said to be painted by St. Luke. Empress Theodora and her boy, Emperor Michael III, appear on the left of the portrayal. On the right are three monastics with the Patriarch Methodios. This picture was painted more than 500 old ages after the terminal of iconoclasm during the clip when the Byzantine Empire was under menace of invasion by the Ottoman Turks. 42 Again as it is non normally common for a adult female to be in the picture, Empress Theodora is shown following to her boy in royal robes. Though she is non following to them, Theodora is shown at the same degree as the bishops. In the centre of the picture i s the Blachernitissa, the Virgin Mary and kid. The Virgin Mary was a famed icon of her adult female position. It is non surprising that Irene and Theodora were iconophiles. Since the mean Byzantine adult female was housebound for the intensity of their lives, most had a particular dedication to spiritual patterns affecting icons. 43 It might be due to their life manner that adult females where the most abnormal when their cherished icons where taken off.The influence adult females had and their dealingss to art during the Byzantine Empire shown to be really of import. It is through the influence of the empresses Pulcheria, Irene and Theodora that impacted graphics despite a judgmental and men-driven environment that shadowed their lives. It is as intriguing and influential as the plant themselves that these adult females were able to act upon the Byzantine populace and the graphics.

Executive and managerial planning for Bosch-Kazakhstan Essay

The founder of the Bosch Group, Robert Bosch , described an important value of the HR philosophy of the community It is my intention, apart from the alleviation of all kinds of suffering, to promote the moral, physical and intellectual bustment of the people which is greatly integrated into the employee development in the Bosch. Based on the go with world(prenominal) executive and managerial planning and country-specific situation, this article will plan and reason the number in a chart for the future eight-year executive and managerial planning in Kazakhstan. An action plan related to the managerial staffing target will be provided. The EMP of the Bosch Group for Kazakhstan, a country with relatively small nation and only 4 percent of the population holds a university degree, met four main problems.1) The labor market for qualified and specialists is very small.2) The production sites are located in rural places which are hardly attractive to qualified employees.3) There is gro wing demand of expatriates for the diesel site.4) Russian is used in everyday caper by most of the people in Kazakhstan.In order to resolve these problems, the human resource manager has to make a plan according to the Bosch employee development scheme. In Bosch, the first typical staffing policy is that the managerial promotion of employees is mainly from within Bosch rather than from outside. For this principal, most of the employees of the manager level in Kazakhstan should be expatriates. Second, the Bosch headquarter constructed a muster out and functional promotion procedure for the development of employees called manager development plan (MDP). Employees with outstanding performance in Kazakhstan will be systematically prepared for the near heed level. Third, the promotion is directly connected with mobility potential as well as willingness to take on international date. This means the work experience in Kazakhstan will be helpful to career advancement. As a result, in s pite of the tough work condition in Kazakhstan, these international HR management policies facilitates not only on company business side but also on employees development side. Based on the policies and Kazakhstan specific situation, I develop an executive and managerial planning chart for future eight old age.Executive and Managerial Planning KazakhstanThis chart is separated into 2 periods. The first four years from 2007 to 2010 which focus on the input stemming from growing business planning of the diesel division. The second four years from 2011 to 2014 is more stable and more succession planning. So you may see in the chart that staffing needs 2011-2014 are mainly due to replacement rather than further growth. Staffing sources, as a result, are by and large expatriates and local MDP members but not new hire from outside the company. For example, the affection managers 2011-2014 are mainly comprised of expatriates from headquarter or cross-division assignments and the local MD P members who are promoted from lower managers in 2007-2010 and no external hires for middle management because of no growth 2011-2014. Then I will analyze the staffing sources in detail for four main reasons1. away hires are mainly from qualified local people who meet the requirement of the lower management level, are familiar with local condition and be possessed of expression strengths. At the same time, compare with the other sources, they are low cost. However, the qualified and specialists in Kazakhstan is very small, external hires are limited and not as galore(postnominal) as expatriates in low management level. In order to solve this problem, we can hire people from Russia, located close to Kazakhstan and share the same business language. I set a few external hires in the middle management level 2007-2010 because there still has a few local apt people who have the same international managerial experience and more familiar with Kazakhstans culture and situations.2. All of junior managers(JUMP) are set in lower management level. Since the case mentioned that the goal of the program is to recruit junior managers with the potential to assume a middle management position in 6-8 years. They die hard in Kazakhstan for rough six-month (short-term) to train a common set of worldwide standards, experiences and activities and then go back to Germany.3. For local MDP members who show an above-average development potential and have already been familiar with both local environment and company cores are more likely to get the position of middle and speed management level than of lower management level. The target of the MDP candidates is to promote into the next management level in no more than four years (long-term). Some of the local MDP members in middle management level 2011-2014 are from those of lower management level 2007-2010. For upper management level, local MDP members are the ideal choices for all aspects such as capability, experience and envir onment familiarity.4. Because labor market for qualified and specialists in Kazakhstan is very small and the rural locations hardly attract local employees, more expatriates are demand than other sources in lower management level. For example, it is a good opportunity for associates and supervisors who performed well from headquarter and divisions to gain managerial experience outside. In addition, expatriates show more truth to the company which is good for organizational control. Expatriates stay in Kazakhstan at least eighteen-month (middle-term) to meet the demand of technical shortage. However, they are not the best person for upper level because of the language and familiarity concerns. Action plan1) External hires qualified employees from local and neighbor states In order to attract local employees as many as possible, the Bosch can offer them higher compensation compared with local companies. Local candidates can also attend training with other expatriates to broaden thei r vision. In addition, due to the puny mobility, local employees are more suitable for long-term work in their home country. Personnel exchange to other country is not necessary.2) Programs (JUMP)According to gift management policy, the target for junior managers work in Kazakhstan is to increase their managerial skills and experience. Six-month rotation arrangement for each batch of JUMP is preferred. In myplan, about two to three junior managers will be transferred to Kazakhstan semi-annually within future eight years. Training focusing on managerial practice and work under middle managers should be provided for the purpose of worldwide standards.3) Local MDP membersMost of local MDP members are from Germany who had outstanding performances in headquarter and worked in Kazakhstan for couple of years. They need to stay in Kazakhstan for about four years (long-term) in order to promote into the next management level. Culture awareness programs and language training are necessary b efore the international assignment.4) Expatriates employees and managers from headquarter and divisions A majority of these expatriates are assigned due to technical, process expertise and management experience. For the first four years, part of the personnel needs is due to the tumultuous growth of diesel division. Expatriates have to stay in Kazakhstan for 3 years. For the smooth transition, new expatriates to Kazakhstan should be separated into small batches to match the expatriates return and retirement. After assignments completion, they will go back to headquarter or their home countries. Culture awareness programs and language training are provided in advance.

“Epistle to Miss Blount, with the Works of Voiture” Essay

In this primordial epistle, first promulgated in 1712 as To a Young Lady, humorh the lend of Voiture, pope squalles his ally Teresa Blount through with(predicate) the work and name of the early seventeenth century French poet and letter-writer Vincent de Voiture. In this indirect address of a female friend facing an uncertain marriage market, pope resurrects a writer renowned for his raillery and take hold of in ramble to demonstrate the aptitude of language to supersede its historical and social context. As a female member of a once powerful Catholic family, Teresa Blounts only career choice was to attach inside an aristocratic Catholic federation in dec cable length. by doer of the mediating space of Voitures work, pope invites Teresa, as well as the reading general, to engage in a literary exercise that hastens the arrival of a political community indoors the confining space of the hole-and-corner(a) sphere. Since pope re-published this epistle in 1735 as an add ress to Teresas younger sister Patty, it seems clear that he unceasingly had a broader public in mind when he made his waul for the perversion of the private sphere through language.In the course of this epistles double address, pontiff evacuates himself as the author by joining the Blount sisters and a larger community of readers. composition every letter may imply a wider audition in addition to an individual addressee, pontiffs epistle takes the unification of these two audiences as its subject. In the process, pontiff uncovers the potential for an epistolatory community to persist beyond the boundaries of the front. From the perspective of this epistle, the subordination of wo custody represents a literary problem whose solution lies in the opening this riddance provides into an epistolatory community that exists only at the margins of early eighteenth century English purport.Although it is non clear whether pope ever sent this epistle to Teresa Blount, its epistola ry striving de soldieryds that integrity read it as a spokesperson of an important female practice in late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuryEngland. plot of ground men of this era ragingd gregariously, in the comp some(prenominal) of their fellows in the cocoa houses and inns of the city, women, particularly unmarried ones, were confined largely to the private or domestic sphere.1 In coffee houses, inns, and workplaces, men of equal or at least friendly classes had the ability to freely socialize with one another. As objects on the marriage market, it was not considered well(p) or pragmatic for women to participate in these centers of social exchange (Perry 69). According to the diary of an early eighteenth century man, whom Ruth Perry quotes in her study of epistolary fiction, women who appear in public loose value on the marriage market since men inevitably grow tired and weary of their beauty or other less qualifications (Perry 69).Without access to the social sphe re of life, women turned to composition earn which were at once a way of being involved with the world while keeping it at a respectable arms length (Perry 69). In addition to providing a way to privately manage courtship, earn allowed women to constitute a community of acquaintances and friends. With the establishment of the national Post Office in 1660 and the improvement of its service in the latter half of the century, garner became a reliable means for women to overcome the physical absence of friends imposed upon them by custom. The epistolary machinate of popes poem situates it within a practice that was not only acceptable but encouraged among women of the period. When pope composed his Epistle to a Young Lady, with the work of Voiture in 1710, he wrote from the perspective of a man feminized by dis residue and emasculated by anti-Catholic laws.Although the epistle was considered to a greater extent publicly oriented than a letter in prose and was practiced frequently by writers of two genders, Popes marginal status as a physically disabled Catholic suggests the relevance of the female tradition of letter writing to his published epistles. scorn his roughtimes virulent attacks on women, close notably in the later epistle Of the Character of Women, Popes Catholicism and chronic ill health go to bar him from the full enjoyment of the privileges reserved for men in his society.2 The exclusion of Catholics from owning property, attending university, or holding public office limited Popes access to the public sphere. Unlike other English Catholics, Pope could not escape this internal exile through retiring to rural family life (Rumbold 4). Pope concentrateed from Potts disease, a tubercular infection ofthe bone that rendered him, at least in his own mind, physically unfit for marriage. Less than five feet tall and deform by a curvature of the spine, he Pope was acutely conscious of being that little Alexander the women laugh at and refused pu rports of marriage on more than one occasion (Rumbold 4).In a letter to the Blount sisters in 1717, Pope reports that his friend Lord Harcourt proposed that he marry a relative of his in financial need. Pope declined the offer since he did not care to force so fine a womanhood to give the finishing stroke to all my deformities, by the give out mark of a beast, horns.3 Popes sense of his monstrous appearance highlights the importance of his epistles and letters to women since they correspond a form of friendship freed from the immediate concerns of the body. In these scripted addresses to women, Pope develops a literary practice that exploits the poetic possibilities in his limited position within both the public and domestic spheres of English society. His epistle to Teresa Blount is an strive to exemplify the strategy that he proposes in heroic twains to negotiate a subordinate social position through language. After discourseing the work and life of Voiture in the first sta nza, Pope transitions into a discussion of literary genres as distinct styles of being.In the only rhyme break of the poem, Pope speaks of his life Let mine, an guiltless gay satiate appear, / And more diverting still than regular (lines 25-26).4 The break in rhyme between appear and regular playfully marks a departure from the metric structure of the poem in order to reinforce the narrators hope that his life appear more diverting than regular. Through hoping that his life appear as an innocent gay farce, Pope introduces a conception of life as a construction that one always performs forwards a public. Rather than being inherently an innocent gay farce, Popes narrator seeks to fabricate this appearance for an audience that will presumably be entertained. As a dramatic form whose sole object is to excite laughter, the narrators desire to style himself as an innocent gay farce manifests Popes need to control the laughter that his body elicits.5 Popes conception of life as a poetic object in the abet stanza of his poem provides a context for the struggling Blount sisters and the public to understand the notion that the subjection of women is a literary problem. Pope opens his third stanza with the couplet, Too untold your invoke is by their forms confined, / awful to all, but most towomankind (lines 31-32).The smooth transition from discussing life in terms of genre to the subjection of womankind obscures the profoundly radical temper of the notion that a limitation of forms constitutes this state of subjection. Given the context of this couplet, the plural noun forms signifies both the rules of social propriety and the standards of a particular literary genre. The following line, Custom, braggart(a) blind with age, must be your guide, completes the effacement of the distinction between these two connotations of form (line 33). Custom simultaneously describes a literary and social confinement that is ascetic to all, but most to womankind. Popes discuss ion of these formalchains within verse form suggests that his epistle seeks to exemplify a strategy for live within this state of confinement (line 42). In declaring his desire to shape his self according to the rules of an innocent gay farce, Pope provides a model for responding to the confining forms of a restrictive society. With the personal pronoun your in the phrase your sex, Pope directly engages both his addressee and the public who reads their seemingly intimate exchange.The pronoun Your marks a shift in the poem from the more abstract depiction of Voiture and the narrators imitation of his form of life to the more immediate subject of the readers fate. Through introducing this personal pronoun in its possessive form, Pope posits a common sense of belonging among its audience to a particular sex. Since the poem culminates in a triumphant our, the phrase your sex at the opening of the third stanza reveals the developing constitution of a community defined in part by its c onfinement. The caesura in the second line of this couplet, Severe to all, but most to Womankind, emphasizes the increasingly level of specificity in Popes imagining of this community. While all may be readers and imitators of Voiture, only a particular sex, your sex, suffer the most from severe forms.The emergence of Popes audience as a subject of the poem through the possessive pronoun your raises the question of election which the second line of this couplet appears to answer. The third stanza of Popes epistle culminates in a call for this elected audience to reject the role of virtuous married woman and continue a retired community that preserves the free innocence of life through its poetic practice (line 46 and 45). After his transformation of the audience into a part of the poem, the emotional garishness of the stanzabuilds into the exclamatory couplet Ah quit not the free Innocence of Life / For the dull glory of Wife (lines 45-46).6 Pope uses innocence in the first stanza to describe Voitures wisely careless and innocently gay life (line 11). In the second stanza, Pope vows to imitate Voiture in constructing a life that appears as an innocent gay farce (line 25). The word Innocence returns in the third stanza in the form an appeal to the reader not to abandon a state of paradise that they already inhabit. The construction quit not situates the reader within a state of purity analogous to the biblical vision of a Garden of Eden.Through opposing this state of moral purity to the dull Glory of a virtuous Wife, Pope suggests that a virtuous life is a confining form made necessary by pride. Made slaves by honor, women pursue the position of wife to achieve the status of virtue bestowed upon them by a patriarchal English society (line 36). The crucial negation quit not implores the female reader to withdrawal from her virtuous and honorable position in society in order to realize the free innocence of life within an epistolary community of friends. Follow ing the emotional climax of the exclamatory couplet, Pope offers a more subdued and prescriptive image of a state of Epicurean retirement. With extensive knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman poetry, Pope is certainly aware that his portraiture of a retired life of ease invokes the Horatian notion of otium as well as the related legacy of the Epicurean garden. In response to the tyranny of marriage, Popes speaker advises the reader, Nor let false shows, or empty titles please / Aim not at joy, but rest substance with ease (lines 47-48).A comma butterfly marks the caesura in each line after the fourth syllable, which creates a sense of equivalence between the two negations Nor let false shows and Aim not at joy. This equivalence associates joy with the false shows that lead women to unknowingly contribute to their own servitude in their stubborn pursuit of fame. The narrator asks the reader to rest content with ease, or a more stable sense of frolic founded on a withdrawal from rath er than a fulfillment of physical desire. Popes conception of a virtuous withdrawal from a life of servitude echoes Epicurus advice to his younger friend Menoeceus to reject the pleasure of the profligate and embrace the simple life in which the body is free from pain and the mind from anxiety.7 In the absence of pain and anxiety, Menoeceus open fire seek to cultivate a stableand just experience of pleasure that Epicurus terms ataraxia. Popes injunction to rest content expresses the foundation of this state of ease in a withdrawal from the social position of a virtuous wife. In asking his reader to rest or remain within a state of free innocence, Pope reveals the exemplary function of a poem that must show how one accesses this already existing freedom of life.Since Pope makes his appeal for a retired life of ease in a published epistle in heroic couplet form, it appears that his conception of a withdrawn community is not entirely separate from the political sphere. Although he pri marily discusses Popes later, satiric epistles, William Dowlings argument that Augustan poets politicize the private sphere through their epistolary practice in fact holds most true in Popes early epistles to ladies.8 In a world threatened by fragmentation and alienation, Dowling explains, Pope resurrects the memory of an innocent community by writing not merely epistles but verse epistles, poems in which the isolation symbolized by epistolary solitude is then opposed and redeemed by verse as an institutionalized mode of public utterance (Dowling 11).From a state of solitude intensified by his status as a physically disabled Catholic, Pope provides his friend an example of how to engage with the public without be flood tide subjected to it. The formal structure of his epistle redeems his solitude by inscribing the reading public or the epistolary audience as a presence within a private letter to a friend (Dowling 12). While the formal structure of the Epistle to Miss Blount, with th e Works of Voiture undoubtedly addresses a public audience, it interpellates this audience not necessarily as members of a pre-capitalist traditional society, as Dowling believes, but rather as potential constituents of an always possible epistolary community (Dowling 15).As a result of his overly rigid conception of the opposition between solipsism and community, Dowling fails to appreciate that the solitary withdrawal from which Pope writes acts as a condition of his imagined or interpellated communitys possibility. In his epistle to Miss Blount, Pope appeals to the public through his advice to a young lady troubled by her unsettled position within the marriage market. He implores her to rejectthe role of virtuous wife, which would subject her to a tyrant and obstruct the constitution of literary friendships (lines 46 and 40). Popes portrait of Pamela, a young woman who succeeds in the marriage market, in the fourth stanza of this epistle depicts the stifling confinement of marri age as an obstacle to any form of literary self-fashioning. Through the fulfillment of her prayers, Pamela is cursed with the false shows and empty titles of a successful young woman (lines 49 and 47). Pope emphasizes the paradoxical reputation of her accomplishment in the following couplet She glares in balls, front-boxes, and the Ring, / A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing (lines 53-54).Pamelas status as a married upper-class woman allows her to appear at dances, plays, and the fashionable ring in Hyde Park without any damage to her reputation. The verb glares establishes the importance of vision to a couplet that culminates in transforming Pamela into a purely physical or seen object. Through gaining her right to see and be seen in public places of entertainment, Pamela unknowingly submits to her own objectification. By the second line of the couplet, Pamela no lifelong glares. The list of adjectives, vain, unquiet, glittering, and wretched, appears to simultaneously d escribe the public venues identified in the first line and the thing that concludes the second. As the wife of a wealthy man, Pamela exists within these public spaces as an Ornament, or a proud declaration of her husbands ability to maintain her in a state of idleness (Rumbold 1). Although each of these arenas should offer the opportunity for reciprocal gazing, it seems that the power of the male gaze in the public sphere transforms the once glaring Pamela into nothing more than a wretched thing. Without the capacity to look, and hence interpret the world, Pamela looses her ability to fashion herself as a subject.The cautionary tale of Pamela who fails to follow Popes strategy of simultaneous withdrawal and date with the world would have been immediately relevant to Teresa Blount, the poems professional addressee. Pope composed the Epistle to a Young Lady, with the Work of Voiture in the same category that Teresas father died and it became clear that the Blount estate could not me et the obligations laid in his will for his daughters dowries (Rumbold 60). Within a Catholic community that felt its persecution most keenly in financial terms, Teresas lack of a dowry that reflected her family nobles heritage limitedher marriage prospects to men from less ennoble backgrounds (Rumbold 58). During this period, Teresa and her sister Patty participated in an epistolary game with fellow Catholic aristocrats that was modeled on the Rambouillet salon of early seventeenth century Paris. In letters inspired by the charming raillery of Voiture, who was one of the most well-known members of this salon, the eligible children of a persecuted aristocracy practiced the art of courtship.Popes portrait of a young woman cursed by the fulfillment of her prayers undoubtedly pleased Teresa since she had only remote odds of succeeding in her game of courtship. As a landless cripple, Pope was not a part of this game and thus had a sense of isolation from the marriage market in which so me of his friends were actively engaged (Rumbold 53). In her analysis of Popes Epistle to Miss Blount, Valerie Rumbold suggests that it was tempting or desirable for Pope to undermine the vested interests of more fortunate men with his scathing critique of marriage (53). While this may indeed have been true, it appears rather cynical to allow this to be the primary means of interpreting his call for a community constituted by a new form of human relations. In the fifth stanza of the poem, Pope conceptualizes the poetic practice that will fill this community of friends into existence as wide humour (line 61). Pope reconfigures good humour, which was conventionally understood at the time as exhibiting a proper form of behavior or disposition, into a literary practice of establishing friendships through letters.If the reader falls victim to the marriage god Hymen, the speaker advises Good humour teaches charms to last, / dummy up makes new conquests, and maintains the other(prenomi nal) (lines 61-62). After warning his audience not to trust its now resistless charms, Pope posits good humour as a means to teach or train charms to last (line 59). When read out of context, this conception of good humour may appear as practical advice for a wife who needs to establish a lasting descent with her spouse. Within the context of a poem framed by an invocation of a dead author, Popes reconfiguration of good humour must be read as form of writing that creates a certain temporal confusion. The adverb Still that begins the second line of this couplet emphasizes the lasting quality of writing, which continually establishes friendships with new readers. The new conquests of good humour occur within the present as a result of its conservation in language. Following the dictates of good humour, Pope gives space to the past in order to allow it to become the present. Through resurrecting the past in the name of Vincent de Voiture, Pope exemplifies the practice of good humour t hrough which he hopes to constitute a new community of friends.The couplet that follows the discussion of the necessity of good humour in marriage marks an abrupt departure from what may have appeared as practical advice for a young married woman. Pope begins the next stanza, Thus Voitures early care still shone the same, / and Monthausier was only changed in name (lines 69-70). The adverb thus equates the preceding conception of good humour as the only means to rock-steady a relationship with Voitures epistolary go to sleep for his married friend. With the continuity between these two stanzas, Pope seeks to accentuate the literary quality of good humour. Voitures early care refers to his life-long devotion, much of it expressed in letters, to the daughter of the noble Madame de Rambouillet. As an untitled son of a wealthy wine merchant and so a part of the bourgeoisie, it was not possible for Voiture to publicly consummate his love for Julie de Rambouillet. When Julie finally co nsented to marry an eligible long-time admirer, the Duc de Monthausier, at the age of thirty-two, she left behind a devastated Voiture with whom she maintained an active epistolary friendship until his death in 1648.The publication of an English translation of Voitures Familiar and Courtly Letters in 1696 and again in 1700 created a sensation in England that gave new life to the epistolary relation of these two lovers.9 Pope gives space to the life of Voiture by first invoking his past love and then allowing him to love again in the perpetually innocent and living content of language. After Julie de Rambouillet becomes the property of the Duc de Monthausier, Voitures love or early care still shone the same because he had established a literary bail bond with the object of his devotion. In the second couplet of this stanza, Pope shifts to a present tense and a plural subject to describe the reanimation of this epistolary love By this, evn now they live, evn now they charm, / Their wit still sparkling and their flames still warm (lines 71-72).Pope marks his shift from Voitures past with the By this, which allows Voitures letters to make new conquests in the name of a loving community in the present. The repetitive construction of the first line ofthe couplet emphasizes the presence of these lovers in the present. Popes hospitality to the names and hence memory of these lovers allows them to live and charm in the present. The repetition of still in the second line of the couplet reinforces the sense that the care and charm these lovers exhibited constituted good humour. The still attributed to good humour returns to depict the continual warmth and sparkling wit that allows this epistolary love to not only live again, but also expand within the community of the present.In hosting the name of Voiture within his epistle to Miss Blount, Pope exemplifies a form of literary friendship that both preserves and promotes a poetic community. The exemplary nature of Popes epistle consists in resurrecting and joining this community rather than unearthing Voiture as an exemplum of epistolary love. From the perspective of Popes epistle, Voitures letters demonstrate a misplaced desire to physically possess Julie de Rambouillet. In one of his translated letters to Julie, Voiture demonstrates his complete lack of ease with the desperate plea Do not think that our love is a whit the more private, for the pains we take to conceal it the Dejection which is visible in my Countenance, speaks plainer than anybody can do. Let us then lay aside Discretion which cost us so dear, and give me, after Dinner, an opportunity of seeing you, if you would have me live (70).Since Voiture confesses in another letter to Julie that all my words to her will bear a double construction, his threat of publicly disclosing their illicit love function should be as at once playful and menacing (70). According to the logic of Popes epistle to Miss Blount, the problem with this plea is not the intensity of its passion, but rather the use it makes of the letter form. In her study of the development of epistolary fiction, Ruth Perry notes that letters always gesture elsewhere because the climactic events they discuss remain beyond words (86). While Voiture uses this attribute of letters in hopes of provoking a physical encounter with his loved object, Pope employs his epistle as a means of constituting a community made possible by the physical absence of its members.The impossibility of Voitures love for Julie and its resulting confinement within the field of letters explains why Pope chooses to address Miss Blount and the broader public through the work of this slighted lover. As a bourgeoisie man with a stature three inches at a lower place the middle one, Voiture was restricted, perhaps against his own intentions, to practicing the good humour of an epistolary lover (21). Through appealing to the internal audience of first Teresa and then Patty Blount with th e work of Voiture, Pope interpellates them as his epistolary lovers in the mold of Julie de Rambouillet. In a letter written only a few years after the original composition of the Epistle to a Young Lady, with the Work of Voiture, Pope asks the unmarried Betty Marriot to Cast your eyes upon Paper, Madam, there you may look innocently.10 Rather than seeking to provoke a physical consummation of his passion, Pope implores Betty to indulge in a love restricted to the boundaries of the summon. In his epistle to the Blounts, Pope further abstracts himself from his addressee by offering the lines of Voiture as a mediating space in which epistolary lovers can meet.The opening couplet of Popes Epistle to Miss Blount, with the Works of Voiture evacuates his self through a reanimation of the lines and life of Voiture. Pope immediately shifts the attention of the reader away from his relationship to the addressee In these gay thoughts the loves and graces shine, / And all the writer lives in every line (lines 1-2). The preposition in begins the poem through establishing its location in the thoughts stimulated by the work of an author shared by the Pope and his audience. As a widely read writer of letters, Voiture represented an institutional figure that Pope draws on to situate his poem within a space that is irreducible to either writer or reader. Since the loves and graces shine in the gay thoughts that Voiture continues to inspire, this opening couplet configures the entire poem as an effect of Voitures work. All the writer lives in every line refers therefore to both the widely published work of Voiture and the particular verse epistle to follow. The association of light with the verb shine communicates a sense of vitality that Pope reinforces with the verb breathe that concludes his opening stanza.In the final couplet of his opening stanza, Pope emphasizes the alwayspotentially living nature of language by situating his epistle within the experience of reading and thus living with Voiture. The impetus for Popes conception of an epistolary community lies in the transformation of death into breathe in the following couplet The smiles and loves had died in Voitures death, / But that for ever in his lines they breathe (lines 19-20). Voiture played the trifle, life, away through an epistolary practice that enabled his charms to exist within a linguistic space that is always potentially living (line 12).Pope establishes a number of breaks in the awkwardly constructed final line of this stanza to isolate and hence highlight they breathe. Since Voiture consecrated his love in letters, it can forever be reanimated by the admiring breath of later readers. In the final stanza of his epistle, Pope returns to the communal experience of reading Voiture in order to triumphantly reveal the power of his loving community in letters.Pope concludes his Epistle to Miss Blount, with the Work of Voiture with a corporeal conception of reading that appeals to his dou ble audience to join an abstracted or retired community of readers. The affective exchange between Voiture and you in one of Popes final couplets offers an image of reading that threatens to conclude the very category of the reader. Pope writes, Pleased, while with smiles his happy lines you view, / And finds a fairer Rambouillet in you (lines 75-76). Miss Blount, or any other reader, physically reflects the happy lines of Voiture with smiles that mark her substantial participation in the continuing existence of these lines.Through hosting the work of Voiture within his own epistle, Pope enables it to assume agency within the present. Voitures charming good humour returns to interpellate Miss Blount and the broader epistolary audience as a fairer Rambouillet. While Voitures desire to possess Julie had obstructed the complete transformation of his love into language, his ghost capitalizes on the remoteness of death to find an even more innocent love in the eternally available pres ent (line 74). In identifying Voitures present reader as a fairer or more innocent object of his devotion, Pope crystallizes the paradoxical logic of an epistle that measures hope by the amount of distance it can establish from the present.Pope relinquishes ownership over his self in order to provide his guest, Voiture, with a space to breathe within the crowded field of language. Through this act of self-effacement, Pope exemplifies the poetic process through which one transforms oneself into a member of an epistolary community. In the final couplet of his poem, Pope announces the coming of a new community of friends And dead as living, tis our authors pride, / Still to charm those who charm the world beside (lines 79-80). The shift from the pronoun you in the previous couplet to the collective our marks the accomplishment of his interpellation of a new epistolary community.His interpellation of both Miss Blount and the broader public as readers of Voiture acts as the condition of this communitys possibility since it is guaranteed by a collective ownership over the language of the past. As readers of the same happy lines, these interpellated or called for individuals share an affective bond that allows them to claim a collective ownership over Voiture. Once the interpellated individual acknowledges his claim for Voitures always living charm, he can demonstrate this function through the literary practice of good humour. The fairer Rambouillet thus charms the world beside in recognition of the past which she simultaneously honors and perpetuates in her own epistolary production within the present.Pope surrenders all claims to his self in the Epistle to Miss Blount, with the Work of Voiture in recognition of his place within a community founded by its hospitable relationship to the past. The address of first Teresa and then Patty Blount with this epistle represents an act of friendship that asks these unmarried women to realize the poetic potential within their exclusion from the centers of social life in early eighteenth century England. With his acknowledgement of the presence of a broader reading public, Pope seeks to begin the process of constituting a community in which he can join the Blount sisters as a loving friend. As a community made possible by the confining forms of a fragmented and patriarchal society, Popes vision of an epistolary collective necessarily resides at the very margins of life.1 Perry, Ruth. Women, Letters, and the Novel, New York AMS Press, 1980 page 69. 2 Rumbold, Valerie. Womens Place in Popes World, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1989 page 2. 3 Pope, Alexander. Letter to Teresa and Martha Blount, Alexander Pope the Major Works, ed. Pat Rogers (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006) page 151. 4 Pope, Alexander. Epistle to Miss Blount, with the Works of Voiture, Alexander Pope the Major Works, ed. Pat Rogers (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006) pages 46-48. All citations refer to this translation unle ss otherwise noted. 5 Oxford English Dictionary. Farce, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1989. 6 Pope, Alexander. Epistle to Miss Blount, with the Works of Voiture, Alexander Pope Minor Poems, Twickenham Edition, ed. Norman Ault and John Butt (New Haven Yale University Press, 1954) pages 62-65. Although they both claim to have bodied the 1735 revisions, there is a discrepancy in this couplet between the epistle in the Minor Poems collection and the Major Works of Pope. I have quoted the former in deference to its greater authority and my preference for it. 7 Epicurus. Letter to Menoeceus, Letters, Principal Doctrines, and Vatican Sayings, trans. Russell M. Greer (New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1964) page 57. 8 Dowling, William. The Epistolary Moment the Poetics of the Eighteenth-Century Verse Epistle, Princeton Princeton University Press, 1991. 9 Voiture, Vincent. Familiar and courtly letters written by Monsieur Voiture to persons of the greatest honour, wit, and quality of both sexes in the court of France, trans. Mr. Dryden and Mr. Dennis (London Printed for Sam Briscoe, 1700). 10 Pope, Alexander. Letter to Miss Marriot, The Correspondence of Alexander Pope Volume 1, ed. George Sherburn (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1956) page 205-206. Quoted by Rumbold, page 50.

Judicial Precedent Is Best Understood as a Practice

Judicial precedent means the process whereby judge follow previously decided results where the fact are of sufficient similarity. The philosophy of judicial precedent is a practice of the court, it entrusts guidance to the judges when they apply case precedents. It also provides certainty, consistency and clarity in the application of precedents. The rule is that judges should decide like cases in like manner. It is a last of the court used as a source for future decision making. This is known as scan decisis and by which precedents are authoritative and cover version and moldiness be followed.Doctrine of precedent or stare decisis, this item is from the latin phrase stare decisis et non quieta movere, means to stand by decisions and not disturb that which is settled. The doctrine of dorsum precedent based on stare decisis, that is standing by previous decisions. in one case a point of police has been decided in a particular case, that legal philosophy must applied in all fu ture cases containing the same material facts. For example in the case of Donughue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562. The House of Lords held that a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the ultimate consumer of the product.This set a binding precedent which was followed in Grant v Knitting Mills (1936) AC 85. The ratio decidendi forms the legal principle which is a binding precedent meaning it must be followed in future case containing the same material facts. Besides, the obiter dicta is things stated in the course of a judgment which are not necessary for the decision. The decision of the judge may fall into two parts, the ratio decidendi means reason for the decision. The ratio decidendi in a case is the principle of law on which a decision is based.When a judge delivers judgment in a case he outlines the facts which he finds have been proved on the evidence. Then he applies the law to those facts and arrives at a decision, for which he gives the reason. Besides, obiter dictum means some thing said by the way. The judge may go on to speculate about what his decision would or might have been if the facts of the case had been different. The binding part of a judicial decision is the ratio decidendi. An obiter dictum is not binding in later cases because it was not strictly relevant to the matter in the original case. However, an obiter dictum may be of persuasive authority in later cases.For example, in the case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), the house of lords held that a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the consumer that products are safe because the circumstances prevented the consumer from discovering any defects. This is a ration decidendi and lord Atkins dwell test was obiter. Where there is no existing precedent, the court will declare the law and the case will become an original precedent, example, in the case Airedale NHS consecrate v Bland (1993) HL, where the courts were asked to decide if food and treatment could be lawfully withdrawn from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, and therefrom allowed to die.The concept of ratio decidendi tries to link the competing aims of the notion of rule of law, ie, the requirement of certainty in the application of law and flexibility in the development of law in spite of come alongance the legal system. To identify the ratio in a case, Professor Goodhart (1931), set out a method of identifying the ratio decidendi as the ratio is derived from the application of the law to the facts that were treated as material by the judge in his decision and generalising them to make a principle.Besides that the principle of the case is found by taking account of the facts treated by the judge as material and his or her decision as based on them. The principle is therefore a formula, which the facts fit, and the facts provide a specific instance or example of the application of the principle. However, Professor Julius Stone (1959) argued that Goodharts theory was prescriptive rather than being des criptive of authentic practice.In Stones analysis, the ratio of a case is part of a legal category of indeterminate reference or concealed quintuple reference. The facts of a case precedent are able to be material under a wide range of fact descriptions, entirely any given decision was open to a succession of subsequent judicial reformulations of the prior decision. So, the question for the later court is the analogical relevance of the prior case safekeeping to the later case, thus requiring the later court to choose between possibilities presented by the earlier case.This gives us a picture of radical indeterminacy . This is because the later courts appear to have great freedom in reinterpreting the actual ratio of the certain case. Stones approach is considered as a rather radical scepticism towards the concept of ratio. Consequence of the indeterminacy of the ratio is the difficulty in identifying the ratio of a case actually provides the English common law system the flex ibility when case law is applied and its subsequent development through the courts.From Cross (1991) who argues it is impossible to devise formulate for determining the ratio decidendi of a case, but this does not mean it is impossible to give a tolerably accurate description of what lawyers mean when they use the expression. Consequently, courts have a great potty of choice in reformulating and interpreting law. In his work on legal reasoning , Neil MacCormick (1987) makes the point that often the ratio of a case can totally be determined in light of what judges subsequently make of it.In conclusion, the discussion above have gone to establish that the doctrine of binding precedent is nothing more than a practice of the English judiciary. As a judicial practice, the doctrine provides a guide to judges on how case precedents are to be applied in courts. If the doctrine is avoided or not allowed, there are no legal sanctions or consequences. At worst, if there is a rampart ignoring of the doctrine by the courts, the outcome will be uncertainty and instability in the common law and its development.